Flavoring agent from filamentous fungus

ABSTRACT

Flavouring materials may be produced from filamentous fungi by contacting them with water at a temperature sufficient to reduce their nucleic acid content and concentrating or separating solids from the resulting aqueous solution. The materials may be further subjected to a chemical reaction for example with a sulphur containing amino acid.

[0001] THIS INVENTION relates to flavouring materials.

[0002] It is known to use hydrolysed yeast extracts as flavouring materials. Yeast is non-toxic to humans and is normally cultured at high density (high dry cell weight per litre).

[0003] The nucleic acid content of filamentous fungi may be reduced by contacting them with water at high temperatures and separating them from the water, and such a process is described for Fusarium in PCT patent Application WO95/23843. We have discovered that the water from which the fungus is separated contains materials which can be used as or converted to flavouring materials for foods, especially if the fungus is Fusarium, for example Fusarium IMI 145,425.

[0004] The current invention comprises a method whereby the soluble components lost from filamentous fungal cells as a result of this heat treatment can be isolated and used as, or converted into, flavouring substances for foods.

[0005] This invention comprises a method of processing a filamentous fungus to improve its suitability as food which comprises subjecting it in the presence of water to a temperature sufficient to reduce its nucleic acid content substantially characterised by using materials removed from the fungus in the said method directly or after chemical reaction to flavour food.

[0006] The invention also comprises a flavouring material for food which is an aqueous solution which comprises nucleic acids removed from a filamentous fungus by contacting it with water at an elevated temperature in which the concentration of dissolved solids is sufficiently high to render the material stable to storage at a temperature of 20° C. for a period of one month or is a solid comprising such nucleic acids or is a flavouring material comprising a reaction product of such nucleic acids with a sulphur containing amino acid, hydrogen sulphide or ammonium sulphide.

[0007] The flavouring materials when in the form of an aqueous solution preferably comprises at least 30% by weight and more preferably 45 to 60% by weight of solids.

[0008] Whilst taste is an important factor in food flavours, the odours of flavouring materials are also important

[0009] The soluble components are preferably concentrated from the aqueous solution arising from the nucleic acid reduction step by removing water for example by evaporation, distillation (preferably at reduced pressure) reverse osmosis, freeze drying or freezing out the water as ice leaving an aqueous concentrate. It may suitably be removed by evaporation at reduced pressure for example at a temperature of 40 to 70° C.

[0010] The dissolved solids may be separated as such or left as a concentrated solution where the Aw (water activity) is reduced sufficiently to ensure biostasis at a range of storage temperatures.

[0011] If the nucleic acid content of the filamentous fungus is reduced by raising the temperature of its growth medium the water recovered will contain salts and other nutrients, for example glucose and/or complex nitrogen nutrients in addition to the nucleic acids and other materials derived from the fungus. If the flavour imparted by such materials is required they may be left in the materials, but if not they may either be removed, for example by osmosis or ultrafiltration, or the fungus may be washed before its nucleic acid content is reduced thereby avoiding their presence. In WO95/23843 the removal of nucleic acid from a filamentous fungus in its growing state is described; such a process is an improvement over the treatment of fungus in its resting state, for example in pure water. We have found however that the organism takes a short time to adjust from its growing to its resting state and that providing the nucleic acids are removed soon after it is separated from its growth medium the nucleic acids may be satisfactorily removed according to the procedure of WO95/23843.

[0012] We have found that after partial or complete removal of water as aforesaid the concentrate can be used as an alternative to hydrolysed vegetable proteins, yeast autolysates or yeast extract as an additive for food. The materials removed from the fungus of value in the production of savoury flavouring preparations and process flavourings. Because of the savoury nature of the flavour it may be used directly in the flavouring of Snacks, Biscuits, Stocks, Soups, Stews, Sauces and Gravies at inclusion levels of preferably between 0.1 and 15 for example 1 to 10 dry weight %.

[0013] We have also found that on heating it produces an attractive roast-type aroma. If desired it may be partially hydrolysed before heating, for example by hydrolysis with acetic acid, to produce modified roast flavours.

[0014] It may also be reacted, optionally after at least partial hydrolysis, with sulphur containing amino acids, preferably cysteine or optionally with H₂S and/or (NH₄)₂S to produce savoury flavours.

[0015] The savoury nature of the material may be altered by chemical reaction to provide a different flavour profile in that the meaty/roasted flavour notes are increased. Such “reaction flavourings” may be used in flavouring Meat (beef, chicken, lamb, pork, etc), meat alternatives (e.g. based on soy, wheat, pea protein, myco-protein), prepared meals, snacks and drinks at inclusion levels of preferably between 0.1 and 10 for example 1 to 8 dry weight %.

[0016] The flavourings may be produced by reacting materials removed from the fungus as aforesaid with cysteine. This may be carried out in the presence of water if desired; for example a 1.5 to 75 and preferably a 5 to 50 weight % solution of such materials may be reacted with cysteine in quantities of up to 10%, for example 1 to 5% of cysteine by weight based on such materials. The reaction may be carried out at a temperature of for example 110 to 140° C. at a pH of 5.5 to 9. Reaction is suitably continued for 0.5 to 7.5 hours.

[0017] It is believed that hydrolysis increases the free ribose content of the concentrate and this may be appropriate if certain flavours are desired. It is desirable to avoid treatment with hydrochloric acid for regulatory reasons (possible production of chloro-propanol derivatives), but hydrolysis with for example acetic acid may be desirable.

[0018] In the following descriptions the term “Centrate” is used for the extracellular liquid recovered by the heat shock treatment of a suspension of Fusarium at about 70° C. in the presence of its growth medium after separation of the cellular material. The term FDC means “freeze dried centrate”.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

[0019] Material Preparation

[0020] The liquid centrate was freeze dried in order to:

[0021] reduce the water content and therefore inhibit microbial growth;

[0022] carry out studies at a high concentration of centrate;

[0023] facilitate the handling of the product

[0024] All further analyses described in this report deal with the freeze dried centrate abbreviated FDC.

[0025] Methods—Compositional Analyses

[0026] Moisture

[0027] The moisture content was determined by measuring the weight decrease of the FDC, until constant weight, while placed in an oven at 100° C.

[0028] Ash

[0029] The ash content was determined by placing the FDC in an oven at 600° C. until constant weight was obtained.

[0030] Organic Nitrogen

[0031] Kjeldahl nitrogen determination was carried out; sucrose was used as blank and glycine as standard. The results are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 Moisture, Ash and Organic Nitrogen Content of FDC Replicates 1 2 3 Mean Moisture (%) 13 13 13 13 Ash (%) 18 18 17 18 Organic Nitrogen (%) 6 6 6 6

[0032] Amino Acids

[0033] The amino acids determination was done with a 6300 Beckman auto-analyser. The free amino acids present in the FDC were analysed using a 0.06% solution of the FDC. It was possible to measure the total amino acid content by a prior hydrolysis (HCl 6N, 24 h, oven 110° C.) of the FDC. However, the acid is known to hydrolyse tryptophan and the sulphur amino acids. The hydrolysis of the sulphur amino acids can be avoided by a prior oxidation of cysteine into cysteic acid, and methionine into methionine sulfone. This was carried out by treating the FDC with a solution of formic acid/hydrogen peroxide/methanol (48.5/1/0.5) during 4 h at 0° C. in the dark. The results are shown in Table 1a. TABLE 1a Amino Acid Content of FDC mean results in g/100 g FDC FDC Hydrolysed FDC Amino Acids (free AA) (total AA) CYSTEIC ACID 0.09 0.32 ASP 0.14 0.50 THR 0.02 0.24 SER 0.12 0.16 GLU 2.02 1.70 CYSTEINE 0.00 0.21 PRO 0.00 0.20 GLY 0.05 0.24 ALA 2.05 1.73 VAL 0.14 0.37 CYSTINE 0.00 0.01 METH 0.00 0.13 ILE 0.00 0.21 LEU 0.00 0.30 TYR 0.00 0.06 PHE 0.00 0.17 TRYPTOPHAN 0.00 0.00 NH3 1.49 4.56 LYS 0.15 0.26 HIS 0.00 0.08 ARG 0.71 0.65 TOTAL 6.98 11.80

[0034] Total Carbohydrates

[0035] The carbohydrate content of the FDC was assessed by the phenol-sulphuric acid assay method (Carbohydrate analysis: a practical approach, ed. Chaplin, Kennedy, IRL Press). Solutions of FDC and glucose (standard for calibration) were mixed with a solution of phenol in water (5% w/v). Concentrated sulphuric acid (1 ml) was added rapidly and directly to the solution surface without allowing it to touch the sides of the tube. The solutions were left undisturbed for 10 min before shaking vigorously. The absorbencies were read at 490 nm after a further 30 min.

[0036] Sugars

[0037] The sugar analysis was performed using a Dionex System of High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), in which an eluent of HPLC grade water (1 ml/min) was used with an anion-exchange column (column Dionex PA-1) and a pulsed amperometric detector. Pure compounds were used as standards for retention time determination and quantitation. Free sugars were analysed using a 0.15% solution of FDC after filtering the solution through a 0.45 μm Minisart 25 membrane. Total sugars were also evaluated after a preliminary acid hydrolysis of the FDC (solution 0.15% in HCl 1N, 2 h, oven 110° C.) and filtration through first an Ag filter (precipitate of AgCl) and second a 0.45 μm Minisart 25 filter. The results are shown in Table 2. TABLE 2 HPLC Analysis of Sugar Content of FDC g sugar per 100 g of FDC FDC HYDROLYSED FDC mean mean arabinose 0.02 0.04 galactose 0.10 0.10 glucose 8.62 23.01 sucrose 0.09 0.23 xylose 0.00 0.00 mannose 0.00 0.10 fructose 0.01 0.00 ribose 0.00 0.06 maltose 2.08 TOTAL SUGARS 12.66 25.10

[0038] Nucleic acid Derivatives

[0039] A Perkin Elmer Binary HPLC pump 250 equipped with a Spectroflow 757 ABI Analytical Kratos Division was used. Standards and samples were filtered through Acrodisc 0.45 μm Gelman Sciences membranes filters and injected by means of an injector valve equipped with a 20 μl injection loop into a reverse-phase μBondapack C18 (3.9×300 mm) Waters analytical column, protected by a μBondapack C18 guard column. A wavelength of 254 nm was used. A gradient programme with two mobile phases was used: mobile solvent A was a 60/40 methanol/water mixture and mobile solvent B was 0.02M KH₂PO₄ (pH 5.5) prepared from potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate in distilled water and pH adjusted with IM KOH. All mobile solvents were filtered (Nylaflo 0.2 μm Gelman Sciences membranes filters) and degassed with Helium before use. The total run time was 51 min and the flow rate 1 ml/min which consisted of 100% solvent B during 5 min, followed by a gradient from 0% to 36% solvent A in 36 min and 36% solvent A for 5 min. Then a reverse gradient of 36% to 0% A was set for 5 min and the HPLC was ready for further injection after 15 min equilibrium.

[0040] Identification of the compounds was made by comparison with the retention time obtained from standards analysed in the same HPLC conditions. Standards were analysed separately to know their individual retention time and then all together to check any elution over lap that may occur in the sample case. These standards are presented in Table 3. TABLE 3 HPLC Retention Times of Nucleic Acid Standards Hypox Bases Cytosine Uracil guanine Xanthine Ribonucleosides C U 2′Deoxy- ribonucleosides Ribonucleotides CMP UMP GMP 3′MP Ribonucleotides CMP UMP GMP IMP 5′MP 2′Deoxyribo- DGMP nucleotides 3′MP 2′Deoxyribo- DIMP nucleotides 5′MP Retention times 3′73 4′29 4′69 5′20 5′62 6′32 + 6′32 6′70 7′52 9′79 + 9′79 + 10′74 11′49 + 9.79 + 9.79 11′49 Bases Purine Adenine Ribonucleosides G I A 2′Deoxy- DG DI DA ribonucleosides Ribonucleotides AMP 3′MP Ribonucleotides AMP 5′MP 2′Deoxyribo- DAMP nucleotides 3′MP 2′Deoxyribo- DGMP DAMP nucleotides 5′MP Retention times 13′33 + 17′36 21′05 21′56 22′58 + 22′58 + 23′99 26′08 32′90 35′81 13′33 22′58

[0041] Hydrolysis of FDC

[0042] Since free ribose is highly reactive in the Maillard reaction, the effect of gentle hydrolysis conditions on FDC and the subsequent effects on flavour generation were investigated. Acid hydrolysis was carried out with sodium acetate 0.01M, pH4 adjusted with acetic acid. Standards (inosine, adenosine 5′mono phosphate-AMP5′, guanosine and guanosine 5′mono phosphate-GMP5′) were prepared at 4000 μM in duplicate and an aliquot of each solution was taken and run under the same HPLC conditions as were adapted for the analysis of nucleic acids derivatives above. The solutions were then subjected to hydrolysis for 7.5 h in an oven 100° C. (GC oven Carlo Erba). The reaction was stopped by placing the tubes in an ice bath and kept in freezer until analysis.

[0043] FDC at 2% w/v was subjected to similar hydrolysis conditions.

[0044] Flavour mixture preparation

[0045] As indicated previously, FDC is considered to have the potential of being either a flavouring in its own right, or a precursor in the generation of reaction—product flavours. Therefore a range of reaction mixtures were prepared and are presented in Table 4. TABLE 4 Flavoured mixtures analysed by sniffing panel Samle Name Aqueous Centrate Heated Aqueous Centrate Sample Composition 1.7% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 1.7% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 0.5 h 140° C. Sample Name Heated Buffered (pH 5.5) Centrate Heated Hydrolysed Buffered Heated Hydrolysed Buffered (pH (pH 5.5 Centrate 5.5) Centracte + C Sample Composition 1.7% (w/v, solids of 1.7% (w/v, solids of 1.7% (w/v, solids centrate/sodium acetate 0.01M) centrate/sodium of centrate/sodium 0.5 h, 140° C. acetate 0.01M) acetate 0.01M) 7.5 h, 110° C. 1 g cysteine/17 g solids 0.5 h, 140° C. of centrate 7.5 h, 110° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. Sample Name Heated Aqueous Centrate 12% pH Heated Aqueous Centrate 20% pH Heated Aqueous 5.5 5.5 Centrate 30% pH 5.5 Sample Composition 12% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 20% (w/v solids of centrate/water) 30% (w/v, solids 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. of centrate/water) 0.5 h, 140° C. Sample Name Heated Aqueous Centrate 50% pH Heated Aqueous Centrate 75% pH Heated Aqueous 5.5 5.5 Centrate 87% pH 5.5 Sample Composition 50% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 75% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 87%(w/v, solids 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5, 140° C. of centrate/water) 0.5 h, 140° C. Sample Name Heated Aqueous Centrate 20% pH Heated Aqueous Centrate 30% pH 7.5 7.5 Sample Composition 20% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 30% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. Sample Name Heated Aqueous Centrate 20% pH Heated Aqueous Centrate 30% pH 9 9 Sample Composition 20% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 30% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. Sample Name Heated Aqueous Centrate pH 5.5 + Heated Aqueous Centreate pH Heated Aqueous C {fraction (1/20)} 5.5 + C{fraction (1/10)} Centrate pH 5.5 + C⅕ Sample Composition 20% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 20% (w/v, solids 20% (w/v, solids 1 g cysteine/20 g solids of centrate of centrate/water) of centrate/water) 0.5 h, 140° C. 1 g cysteine/10 g solids 1 g cysteine/5 g solids of centrate of centrate 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. Sample Name Heated Aqueous Centrate pH 9 + C Heated Aqueous Centrate pH 9 + C Heated Aqueous Centrate pH 9 + C {fraction (1/20)} {fraction (1/10)} ⅕ Sample Composition 20% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 20% (w/v, solids 20% (w/v, solids 1 g cysteine/20 g solids of centrate of centrate/water) of centrate/water) 0.5 h, 140° C. 1 g cysteine/10 g solids 1 g cysteine/5 g solids of centrate of centrate 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. Sample Name 175° C. Heated Aqueous Centrate 100° C. 1 h Heated Aqueous 100° C. 1.5 h Heated Aqueous pH 5.5 + C {fraction (1/20)} Centrate pH 5.5 + C {fraction (1/20)} Centrate pH 5.5 + C {fraction (1/20)} Sample Composition 20% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 20% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 20% (w/v, solids 1 g cysteine/20 g solids of centrate 1 g cysteine/20 g solids of centrate of centrate/water) 5 min, 175° C. 1 h, 100° C. 1 g cysteine/20 g solids of centrate 1.5 h, 100° C. Sample Name 175° C. Heated Aqueous 100° C. 1 h Heated Aqueous 100° C. 1.5 h Centrate pH 9 + C ⅕ Centrate pH 9 + C ⅕ Heated Aqueous Centrate pH 9 + C ⅕ Sample Composition 20% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 20% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 20% (w/v, solids 1 g cysteine/5 g solids of centrate 1 g cysteine/5 g solids of centrate of centrate/water) 5 min, 175° C. 1 h, 100° C. 1 g cysteine/5 g solids of centrate 1.5 h, 100° C.

[0046] Reaction mixtures (2 ml) were prepared by mixing appropriate quantities of stock solutions in glass tubes and then transferring to 20 ml Kimble ampules that were sealed in hot flame. The ampules were then placed in a metal cover and heated in a Carlo Erba 4200 gas chromatograph oven.

[0047] The reaction mixtures were stored in the freezer at −20° C. before analysis. The ampules were broken for analysis after bringing the reaction mixtures to room temperature.

[0048] Sensory evaluation of Aroma volatiles

[0049] An informal panel of 6 persons (3 females, 3 males) experienced in flavour evaluation was recruited.

[0050] For sensory evaluation, 1 ml aliquots of the samples under investigation were transferred into brown screw-cap bottles and diluted 10 times (except for the concentration study where no dilution was applied). The coded samples were presented to one panellist at one time at room temperature and the panellists were asked to describe the aromas using their own terms.

[0051] Instrumental evaluation of Aroma volatiles determination

[0052] A dynamic headspace collection procedure was used. Each sample (1.7 ml of reaction mixture so that it was equivalent to 0.4 g of FDC) was placed in a 250 ml conical flask fitted with a Drechsel head. Distilled water was added to a final volume of 10 ml and the mixture shaken gently. Oxygen-free nitrogen was passed over the sample for 1 h at a rate of 40 ml/min. The volatiles were swept onto a preconditioned glass-lined stainless-steel trap (105 mm×3 mm i.d.) packed with 85 mg Tenax GC (CHIS system. SGE Limited) Throughout the collection, the sample was maintained at 37° C. using a water bath. The internal standard was 1,2-dichlorobenzene in ether (130 μl/ml) and 1 μl was injected onto the trap at the end of the collection time, the trap was then flushed with nitrogen for 10 min.

[0053] A Hewlett-Packard (HP) 5890/5972 gas chromatrograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), fitted with a 50 m×0.32 mm i.d. fused-silica capillary column coated with BPX-5) SGE Limited) at 0.5 μm film thickness, was used to analyse the collected volatiles. These were thermally desorbed at 250° C. in the CHIS injection port (SGE Limited) and cryofocused directly onto the front of the GC column, while the oven was held at 0° C. for 5 min. The oven temperature was then raised to 40° C. over 1 min and held for 5 min before raising the temperature to 250° C. at a rate of 4° C./min and holding for a further 10 min. The helium carrier gas flow rate was 1.5 ml/min. Mass spectra were recorded in the electron impact mode at an ionisation voltage of 70 eV and source temperature of 200° C. A scan range of 29-400 m/z and a scan time of 0.69 s were used. The date were controlled and stored by the HP G1034C Chemstation data system.

[0054] Volatiles were identified by comparison of their mass spectra with the spectra from authentic compounds in the Reading Laboratory or in the NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database or other published spectra. The linear retention index (LRI) was calculated for each component using the retention times of a homologous series of C₆-C₂₂ n-alkanes.

[0055] Nucleic Acid Derivatives

[0056] The nucleic acid composition of the centrate was determined from 3 replicates and is presented in Table 5. It explains most of the HPLC eluted peaks. A number of compounds co-eluted, but it was not possible to investigate alternative analysis conditions and, therefore, for co-eluting compounds it was not possible to determine which of the compounds contributed to the peak obtained in the centrate analysis.

[0057] As expected, there were few deoxyribonucleic acid derived compounds compared with the ribonucleic acid derived compounds, which are more abundant in nature. The major nucleic acid components are cytosine 5′ monophosphate (26% of the total nucleic acid content), uridine 3′ monophosphate and/or guanosine 5′ monophosphate (18%), adenosine 5′ monophosphate and/or deoxyribo guanosine 5′ monophosphate (16%). All of them are potential sources of ribose and ribose phosphate which are good reactive precursors the Maillard reaction. Excluding the bases, the potential source of ribose or ribose phosphate represents 96% of the nucleic acid content of the centrate, which is equivalent to 202 ppm of the content of the centrate. TABLE 5 Centrate Nucleic Acids HPLC Analysis Results Hypox + AMP5′ + AMP5′ + guanine + I + I + Nucleic Ura- UMP3′ + Cyti- uridine + DAMP3′ + DAMP3′ + Adeno- Acid Type CMP′5 UMP5′ cil′ GMP5′ IMP5′ dine GMP3′ DAMP5′ Purine DAMP5′ DG DI sine Total nucleic acid 54 23 1 38 5 5 7 34 2 6 2 15 19 212 (ppm in centrate nucleic acid 26 11 0 18 3 2 3 16 1 3 1 7 9 100 (% of total) Standard 3 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 deviation (ppm in centrate)

[0058] Effects of Acid Hydrolysis on Nucleic Acid Derivatives

[0059] Table 6 presents the results of hydrolysis of solutions of inosine, guanosine and .their respective 5′ phosphate ribonucleotides. The method is based on that used by Matoba et al (J. Food Science, vol. 53, n.4, 1988, p1156). The last column gives an indication of quantity recovery and it can be seen that the results of the hydrolysis on the guanosine showed a significant loss, which suggests that the guanine molecule is unstable.

[0060] The most interesting model systems are the ribonucleotides since they are major components in the centrate. They were hydrolysed by half or less, producing their respective nucleosides which were further hydrolysed into their bases. Although it is possible to hydrolyse the ribonucleotides into their bases and consequently produce ribose and/or ribose phosphate, relatively low yields of bases were obtained and an optimisation of this process should be carried out. TABLE 6 Acid hydrolysis results of model systems Quantity (%) After hydrolysis initial hypoxanthine inosine IMP5′ total inosine 100 13 85 98 IMP5′ 100 6 15 71 92 guanine guanosine GMP5′ guanosine 100 2 42 44 GMP5′ 100 2 35 51 88

[0061] Conclusion

[0062] The nucleic acid composition of the FDC has been characterised. It comprises mainly ribonucleotides with relatively small amounts of deoxyribonucleotides. Hydrolysis of nucleotides releases free ribose or ribose phosphate only occurs to a relatively small extent in acetate buffer at pH 4.

[0063] Results—Sensory Evaluations of Aroma Volatiles

[0064] It was decided to present the individual results of each panellist and not to group them under specific common descriptors because of the too large diversity of the terms described.

[0065] Tables 7 and 8 present the effect of heating and the impact of the hydrolysis, with or without the addition of cysteine. TABLE 7 Aroma panel results on centrate - Study of the effect of cooking Sample name Aqueous Centrate Heated Aqueous Centrate Sample 1.7%(w/v, solids of 1/7%(w/v, solids of centrate/water) Composition centrate/water 0.5, 140° C. Panellist 1 scrumpy, glucose, syrup, molasses molasses, caramel Panellist 2 caramel, sweet burnt Panellist 3 whey, old yoghurt, sharp, creamy raw celery, braised celery, weird smell Panellist 4 wet cloth/ironing/scorching fermenting cereal, ironing/wet cloth, auto-claving media, cotton/wool, treacle, golden syrup slightly acrid Panellist 5 honey, urine caramel, fatty Panellist 6 caramel, slightly fruity slightly fruity caramel, burnt, sharp

[0066] TABLE 8 Aroma panel results on heated buffered centrate - Study of the effect of hydrolysis and of addition of cysteine Heated Hydrolysed Buffered (pH 5.5) Heated Hydrolysed Buffered (pH 5.5) Sample Heated Buffered (pH 5.5) Centrate Centrate Centrate + Cysteine Sample 1.7% (w/v solids of centrate/sodium 1.7% (w/v, solids of centrate/sodium 1.7% (w/v, solids of centrate/soldium Composition acetate 0.01M) acetate 0.01M) acetate 0.01M) 0.5 h, 140° C. 7.5 h, 110° C. 1 g cysteine/17 g solids of centrate 0.5 h, 140° C. 7.5 h, 110° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. Panellist 1 burnt, caramel, toffee, acrid, acid resinous, burnt, acrid burning paper/plastic/hair, putrid, acrid Panellist 2 burnt, caramel, celery, slightly sweet stale shall, burnt, acidic burnt, celery, acid Panellist 3 braised celery, marmite, jammy, varnish, paint, biscuit sweet, grassy, herbal, raw onion, cooked apple vinegar Panellist 4 rotting vegetable, sulfur, autoclaving wet cloth, autoclaving, fermenting onion rotting, hard boiled egg, malted barley, burnt, nutty, treacle cereal, nose catching/sharp malty/barley/fermenting cereal Panellist 5 treacle, honey, fatty nicotine burning tires Panellist 6 caramel, toffee, slight fruity, slightly chemical, slightly burnt rubbery caramel, toffee, sweet, floral burnt

[0067] The study of the effect of concentration of centrate involved the range of concentrations likely to be reached in commercial practice, i.e., within the range 12% and 30% of solids. These were compared with the non diluted freeze dried centrate powder (87% solids). The other preparation conditions were kept constant. viz. pH 5.5 and heating at 140° C. for 30 min. The results are presented in Table 9. The odours were very strong and the reproducibility of the results within 2 replicates for each panellist was fairly poor. However, there was a noticeable trend within the sample set from low to high concentration: at 12%, the odours were mainly sweet, vegetable and molasses. These notes became associated with burnt and sharp as well as savoury at 20 and 30% solids. At 50%, the sample had roasted and paint smells that became dominant at 75%. Some extra metallic, burnt rubbery, and sulphur notes were detected with the 87% sample. The 20 and 30% solid samples seemed the most interesting because of their meaty savour smells and therefore they were selected for further analysis. it was also decided to dilute the original flavoured reaction mixtures before sniffing further reaction mixtures. TABLE 9 Aroma panel results on heated centrate pH 5.5 - Study of the effect of concentration Heated Aqueous Heated Aqueous Heated Aqueous Heated Aqueous Heated Aqueous Heated Aqueous Sample Centrate 12% pH Centrate 20% pH Centrate 30% pH Centrate 50% pH Centrate 7.5% pH Centrate 87% pH Name 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 Sample 12% (w/v, solids of 20% (w/v, solids of 30% (w/v, solids of 50% (w/v, solids of 75% (w/v, solids of 87% (w/v, solids of Composition centrate/water) centrate/water) centrate/water) centrate/water) centrate/water) centrate/water) 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. Panellist 1 burnt, caramel, sweet, soja sauce, burnt, caramel, burnt, very burnt sugar slightly sweet slightly meaty, caramel, toffee, bitter chocolate strong, nutty burnt, sweet chocolate Panellist 2 sickly molasses sharp, acrid, molasses, black molasses, black burnt, solvent, savoury, burnt, cloying, burnt paper treacle treacle, solvent sickly burnt flesh/skin Panellist 3 celery, marmite marmite, emulsion paint, marmite, burnt slightly sweet, burnt roast coffee, paint slight celery burnt, marmite bovril Panellist 4 honey, caramel, honey, caramel, caramelised raw vegetables, caramel, roasted soy sauce stir fry stir fry, vegetable vegetables caramel slight treacle Panellist 5 celery, rancid, sharp, marmite, sharp, bovril, strange top note very burnt sugar + burnt rubber, maggi, bovril yeasty, bovril + vinegary top note of sharp green/ top note sulphur, celery fruity note/ very burnt undertones household sugar or dry smell Panellist 6 malty, brewery, honey, malty autoclaving, honey, green banana, burnt milk, burnt dry, dusty virol (malt extract), digestive biscuits honey, slight sugar sensation, like v. concentrate autoclaving, (not caramel - something burnt digestive biscuit, slight virol really burnt) black in oven, black treacle, sharp, autoclaving faint marmite, black treacle, slightly stale, metallic, rusty steel REPLICATE REPLICATE REPLICATE REPLICATE REPLICATE REPLICATE Panellist 1 sweet, caramel, burnt, toffee, soja sauce, burnt, caramel burnt, slightly burnt sugar soja sauce acrid caramel, sweet, caramel burnt, sweet Panellist 2 burnt, caramel, sharp, acrid, molasses, resinous burnt, black very strong molasses, burnt, burnt skin/hair cloying, treacle, slightly marmite, meat savoury burnt paper acrid extract, burnt, caramel Panellist 3 malt marmite, celery marmite, celery, paint, marmite, marmite, burnt burnt, marmite slight cereal roast coffee Panellist 4 honey, caramel, honey, earthy, soy sauce, vegetable, damp wood, vegetable stir fry uncooked potato wood smoke roasted, syrup, honey woodland Panellist 5 celery, meaty burnt celery bovril, strange strong strange strong strange marmite, yeasty, top note top note, bovril top note, bovril, very burnt sugar concentrated Panellist 6 black treacle, concentrated biscuits, honey, black treacle, fresh sensation, same as other virol, autoclaving honey, green/fruity, acrid/burnt honey, malt replicate biscuity green bananas honey, digestives, virol/malt autoclaving

[0068] The pH effect was studied on the centrate at 3 different values: 5.5, 7.5 and 9, with the heating conditions kept at 140° C. for 30 min. The results are in Table 10. There was not much difference in the results between the 20% and the 30% solids samples. The results at pH 7.5 were similar to those at pH 5.5 and the smells were mainly autoclave and caramel. The odour became burnt with pH 9. Therefore it was decided to carry on the sniffing experiments by selecting the two extreme pHs and to keep only one concentration (20% solids). TABLE 10 Aroma panel results on heated centrate study of the effect of pH Heated aqueous centrate Heated aqueous centrate Sample Name 20% pH 5.5 30% pH 5.5 Sample composition 20%(w/v, solids of 30% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 0.5 h 140° C. centrate/water) 0.5 h 140° C. Dilution before sniffing 50 for panellist 1 50 for panellist 1 10 for panellist 2 10 for panellist 2 Panellist 1 1-slight autoclaving 1-slightly autoclave, 2-diacetyl then going to “catching” in nose. caramel, butter scotch, 2-then quite a lot of caramel slightly nutty Panellist 2 caramel, butter-like caramel, sweet Heated aqueous centrate Heated aqueous centrate Sample Name 20% pH 7.5 30% pH 7.5 Sample composition 20%(w/v, solids of 30%(w/v, solids of centrate/water 0.5 h 140° C. centrate/water) 0.5 h 140° C. Dilution before sniffing 50 50 Panellist 1 similar to sample 20% pH 5.5 1-slightly autoclave in the way it changes, bit more 2-caramel autoclaving, caramel but not really butterscotch Heated aqueous centrate Heated aqueous centrate Sample Name 20% pH 9 30% pH9 Sample composition 20% (w/v, solids of 30% (w/v, solids of centrate/water) 0.5 h 140° C. centrate/water) 0.5 h 140° C. Dilution before sniffing 10 10 Panellist 2 burnt, baked, roasted, cereals slightly burnt, caramel sweet

[0069] The effect of addition of cysteine was studied on the centrate in solution at 20% solids at pH 5.5 and 9. There were three concentrations of cysteine tested: ratios 1/20, 1/10 and 1/5 of cysteine (g)/centrate solids (g). The heating conditions were kept the same as previously (104° C. for 30 min). The results are presented in Table 11. Within the pH 5.5 sample series, the low concentration of cysteine sample lead to a somewhat pleasant odour of sweet, greasy, meaty sauce, that was progressively replaced by roasted and rubber notes as the cysteine concentration increased. At pH 9, the burnt roasted cereals notes already mentioned in the previous experiment were present again with cysteine at low concentration. When the cysteine content increased, the odour became strong and more nutty and then close to savoury, meaty stock. It was therefore decided to select pH 5.5 with cysteine 1/20 sample and pH9 with cysteine 1/5 sample for the next set of experiments. TABLE 11 Aroma panel results on heated centrate pH 5.5 and pH 9 - Study of the effect of addition of cysteine Heated Aqueous Heated Aqueous Heated Aqueous Heated Aqueous Heated Aqueous Heated Aqueous Centrate pH 5.5 + Centrate pH 5.5 + Centrate pH 5.5 + Centrate pH 9 + Centrate pH 9 + Centrate pH 9 + Sample Name cysteine {fraction (1/20)} cysteine {fraction (1/10)} cysteine ⅕ cysteine {fraction (1/20)} cysteine {fraction (1/10)} cysteine ⅕ Sample 20% (w/v, solids 20% (w/v, solids 20% (w/v, solids 20% (w.v, solids 20% (w/v, solids 20% (w/v, solids Composition of centrate/water) of centrate/water) of centrate/water) of centrate/water) of centrate/water) of centrate/water) 1 g cysteine/20 g 1 g cysteine/10 g 1 g cysteine/5 g 1 g cysteine/20 g 1 g cysteine/10 g 1 g cysteine/5 g solids solids of centrate solids of centrate solids of centrate solids of centrate solids of centrate of centrate 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. 0.5 h, 140° C. Dilution 10 10 10 10 10 10 before Sniffing Panellist 1 celery, cooked bacon fat, sweet, caramel, burnt, roasted, sweet caramel, meaty, pork vegetables, crispy duck roasted nutty roasted, nutty, crackling, nutty burnt wool, (Chinese style), burnt sweaty socks sl. sweaty, roasted Panellist 2 celery (strong), puffed wheat, celery, sweet (strong), celery (strong), meaty (strong) sl. burnt coffee, sweet + sour sweet + sour, toffee, biscuity, sl. sweet, treacle toffee puffed wheat marzipan biscuity (sl.) (strong) Panellist 3 strong chicken burning rubber, weak rubbery, savoury, burning rubber, strong chicken stock, greasy, savoury, marmite, acrid burnt skin, strong savoury, stock, chicken acidic, rubber malt extract stock malt extract fat, sl. acrid Panellist 4 strong celery medicinal smell, (sweet and sour), v. strong weird fruity, sweet, sulphury, weak (main odour) + also watery rubber, magi note, stale burnt sugar, stock, nasty note, other notes - stock (weak) biscuit crumbs, vinegar burnt meat? meaty, pork faint celery/ Farleys rusks, and apple, sweet'n sour faint sweet and sour sweet'n sour sauces note Panellist 5 black treacle, buttery, golden golden syrup, burnt, same as sample meaty (beef gravy?), buttery/caramel, syrup, something caramel, scorched/burnt {fraction (1/20)} but stronger burnt, burnt sugar, burnt sugar, burnt? (wet toasted nuts wet wool, burnt, less plus caramel burnt fried wood or toasted (not burnt) golden syrup golden syrup boiled cabbage, nuts, almond, sl. sulphur. marsala, sweet, hazelnut) nutty

[0070] The results of the temperature/duration heating conditions study are presented in Table 12. They involve the two selected samples previously described which were then cooked at a lower temperature and longer time: 100° C. for 60 min and 90 min, and at a higher temperature but for a shorter time: 175° C. for 5 min. Compared to the original heating conditions, similar results were obtained for the pH 5.5 cysteine 1/20 sample by heating 100° C. for 60 min. Longer time of heating at 100° C. resulted in more roasted burnt notes and a similar type of odour was obtained after 5 min at 175° C. Regarding the pH 9 cysteine 1/5 sample, the meaty notes obtained by 30 min at 140° C. were reached by the treatment 5 min at 175° C. At 100° C., some very strong odours of urine and boiled eggs were described. TABLE 12 Aroma panel results on heated centrate pH 5.5 and pH 9 + Cysteine Study of the effect of temperature and duration of the cooking 175° C. 100° C. 1 h 100° C. 1.5 h Heated Heated Heated Aqueos Aqueous 100° C. 1.5 h 175° C. Heated 100° C. 1 h Heated Aqueous Centrate Centrate Centrate Heated Aqueous Aqueous Centrate Aqueous Centrate pH 5.5 + pH 9 + pH 9 + Centrate pH 9 Sample Name pH 5.5 + cysteine {fraction (1/20)} pH 5.5 + cysteine {fraction (1/20)} cysteine {fraction (1/20)} cysteine ⅕ cysteine ⅕ + cysteine ⅕ Sample 20% (w/v, solids of 20% (w/v, solids of 20% (w/v, 20% (w/v, 20% (w/v, 20% (w/v, solids Composition centrate/water) centrate/water) solids of solids of solids of centrate/water) 1 g cysteine/20 g solids 1 g cysteine/20 g centrate/water) centrate/ of centrate/ 1 g cysteine/5 g of centrate) solids of centrate 1 g cysteine/ water) water) solids of centrate 5 min 175° C. 1 h, 100° C. 20 g 1 g cysteine/ 1 g cysteine/ 1.5 h, 100° C. solids of 5 g 5 g solids centrate solids of centrate 1.5 h, 100° C. of centrate 1 h, 100° C. 5 min, 175° C. Dilution before 10 10 10 10 10 10 sniffing Panellist 1 burnt-strong, fruity-moderate, celery-moderate, crackers- yeast yeast, bread caramel-moderate, nutty-slight roasted-light moderate, extract- dough-moderate, roasted-moderate stale- weak, vegetables-weak, slight, vegetables- nutty-background baked moderate, after other bread- wet odours decrease moderate washing- moderate Panellist 2 puffed wheat-strong, celery-strong celery-medium, sulphury- hard egg-strong marmite-medium, cereal-slight slight, boiled celery-light meaty- egg- medium, strong burnt- medium Panellist 3 rancid-v.strong, chicken fat-medium, burnt rubber- burnt wet wall state, wet acrid-strong, rubber-medium, weak, paper- paper- wallpaper, musty burnt fat/skin-medium, burnt rubber-medium molasses- weak, medium, molasses-medium/weak weak chicken urine medium, stock- burnt/cold weak/ wood-weak medium cereal/ malty-weak

[0071] Results—Instrumental Analysis CF Aroma Volatiles by GC/MS A selection of the reaction mixtures described above were further studied by GC-MS analysis of the headspace volatiles by the method described previously. These mixtures are underlined in Table 2. A sample of autolysed yeast was analysed under the same conditions for comparison of the volatiles. The results of the study are presented in detail in Table 13. TABLE 1 Volatile compounds analysed by headspace concentration Approximate quantities (ng/0.4 g of Freeze Dried Centrate, or ng/45.7 g of Centrate pH 5.5 + pH 5.5 + ph 9 + pH 9 + pH 5.5 + pH 9 + pH 5.5 + pH 9 + pH 5.5 ph 9 C 1/20 C 1/5 C 1/20 C 1/5 C 1/20 C 1/5 C 1/20 C 1/5 Identified Compounds LRI 140° C. 140° C. 140° C. 140° C. 140° C. 140° C. 175° C. 175° C. 100° C. 100° C. Yeast Pyrazines pyrazine 762 — 648 — — 1108 — — — — — — methylpyrazine 845 78 4607 — 37 2521 813 102 132 — — — 2-6- 928 — — — 465 590 — — — 3 — dimethylpyrazine 2,5- 936 104 3859 — — 382 500 — — — 17 4 dimethylpyrazine 2,3- 940 — 966 — — 30 — — 157 — — — dimethylpyrazine ethenylpyrazine 950 44 239 — — — — — — — — — 2-ethylpyrazine 956 — 38 — — 118 186 — 167 — — — 2-ethyl- 1014 — 984 — — 301 343 — — — — — 6-methylpyrazine trimethylpyrazine 1018 256 1758 — 63 1453 1758 — 518 — 98 — propylpyrazine 1025 — 21 — — — — — — — — 6-methyl-2- 1034 20 160 — — — — — — — — — ethenylpyrazine tetra- 1098 — — — 46 1009 1121 — 660 — 647 — methylpyrazine dimethylethyl- 1099 416 120 51 — 85 111 74 — — 9 — pyrazine dimethylethyl- 1101 — 1593 — — — 35 — — — — — pyrazine methylpropyl- 1101 26 — — — — — — — — — — pyrazine 3,5-diethyl-2- 1168 — 137 — — — — 18 — — — 4 methylpyrazine trimethylethyl- 1168 51 — — — 120 195 — 75 — 105 — pyrazine dimethylpropyl- 1170 12 63 — — 98 186 — 51 — 15 — pyrazine dimethylpropyl- 1179 32 130 — — 81 146 — 40 — 9 — pyrazine dimethylbutyl- 1321 — — — — — — — — — 16 2 pyrazine trimethylpropyl- 1247 75 168 — 23 166 352 36 150 — 265 — pyrazine trimethylpropyl- 1260 16 99 — — 27 — — — — — — pyrazine 2-(2-methylpropyl)- — — — — — — — — — 2 — 3-(1-methylethyl)- pyrazine methyldiethyl- — — — — — — — — — 7 — pyrazine 2,5-dimethyl- — — — — — — — — — 5 — 3,6-dipropyl- pyrazine Furans 2-ethylfuran 707 — — 29 398 32 2037 — — — — dimethylfuran 711 — — — 22 — — 112 — — — — 2,4- 723 111 — 104 111 43 85 — — — — — dimethylfuran dihydro-2methyl- 831 71 69 — — — — — — — — — 3(2H)-furanone 2-furancarbox- 857 668 — 253 109 — — 165 — — — — aldehyde 2-furanmethanol 881 85 298 153 85 33 — 121 11 — — 7 2-furan- 926 — — — 249 — — — — — — — methanethiol 2-acetylfuran 924 — — — — — — — 406 — — — 1-(2-furanyl)- 929 84 — 629 1193 391 494 — — 7 — ethanone 2-pentylfuran 997 113 62 ? — 35 47 — — — ^(—) — 1-(2-furanyl)- 1025 21 — — — — — — — — — 1-propanone Pyrans 3,4-dihydro- 809 — — — 20 — — — — — — — 2H-pyran tetrahydro-6- 879 — — — — — — — — — 8 — methyl-2H- pyran- 2-one tetrahydro- 884 155 — — — — — — — — — — 2H-pyran-2-oll Thiophenes thiophene 677 — — — 179 — — — — — — — methylthiophene 778 — — 66 63 47 478 62 — — — — ethylthiophene 875 — — — 28 — 58 — — — — — 2,5 dimethyl 897 — — — 19 — 36 38 — — — — thiophene thiophenethiol 995 — — — 205 — — — — — — — 2-methyltetra- 1014 693 — 1366 — — — — — 28 — — hydrothiophen- 3-one 2-thiophene- 1026 20 — 99 — 104 — — — — — — carboxaldehyde 2-thiophene- 1077 — — — 27 — — — — — — — methanethiol 3-(methylthio) 1103 — — — 37 145 — — — — — — thiophene methylthiophene- 1143 — — 43 5 — — 52 97 — — — carboxaldehyde methylthiophene- 1148 — — 526 89 134 41 329 — — — — carboxaldehyde thienothiophene 1233 — — 35 49 — 32 16 24 — — — thienothiophene 1276 — — — 30 — — — 36 — — — Thiazoles thiazole 734 — — 46 51 — 1165 219 870 — — — methylthiazole 821 — — — 62 72 2 71 134 — 6 — 5-methylthiazole 857 — — — 106 57 112 779 82 — — — methylthiazole 866 — — — 39 — — — — — — — dimethylthiazole 947 — — — 29 88 289 — 95 — — — 2-ethylthiazole 959 — — — 22 — 42 26 78 — — — 2,4,5-tri- 1016 — — — 1499 59 262 — 153 — — — methylthiazole methyl- 1028 — — — 140 — 68 123 290 — — — ethylthiazole 2-acetylthiazole 1041 — — — — 647 361 — 109 — — 4-methyl-5- 1043 57 67 — — — 59 43 — — 20 — ethenylthiazole 2-isobutyl- 1065 31 — — — — — — — — — — thiazole methylpropyl- 1128 — — — — 36 — — — — thiazole dimethyliso- 1157 — — — 24 29 87 — 55 — — — propylthiazole dimethyliso- 1152 — — — — — 52 — 37 — — — propylthiazole Aliphatic compounds 1-propanol 616 65 — — 101 — — — — 1319 — — 2-butanone 628 1449 — — 2021 — 3074 — 3755 — 1164 107 ethylacetate 631 — 144 74 92 112 — 97 47 82 110 13 2,3-butane- 637 1843 1092 2001 — — — 1548 — 664 — — dione 3-methylbutanal 655 84 3297 1232 — 903 — 1213 752 — — 1116 pentanal 686 2217 — — — — — — — — — — 2-methylbutanal 691 621 703 1277 — — — 1242 151 — — 582 2-methyl-1- 705 1133 2412 1238 2430 1614 1997 948 1791 1923 3992 17 propanol 3-methyl-2- 672 — — — 143 — 2205 — — 42 62 — butanone 2-pentenal 698 — — 48 22 — 34 — — — 2-pentanone 708 108 — 72 279 93 1190 85 445 34 91 — 3-pentanone 708 — — — 72 — 502 — 163 — — — 2,3- 721 708 487 567 — 240 — 525 309 66 — — pentanedione 1-butanol 719 — 132 — 70 100 — — 56 28 77 — 1-methoxy-2- 723 — — — — 67 — — 58 — — — propanone 3-hydroxy-2- 728 — — — 1377 332 — 1694 — 142 — — butanone 2-methyl-2- 753 — 76 — — — — — — — — — butenal 3-methyl-3- 761 511 — 1794 — — 578 — — 98 294 — buten-1-ol 3-methylbutanol 766 682 2221 954 730 254 1278 1375 564 355 796 94 2-butennitrile 770 — — — — — 249 — — — — — heptanol 770 433 — — — — — — — — — — 4-methyl-2,3,- 801 60 607 — — — — — — — — — pentanedione 2,3- 811 1686 137 1791 — 434 — 1404 — 591 — — hexanedione hexanal 818 91 — 38 — 144 — 171 57 — — — 3-hexanone 822 36 — — 203 — 1654 — 244 — 58 — 2-hexanone 803 — — — 391 — 1502 — — — 80 — 3-hydroxy-2- 831 — — 75 59 — — 125 — — — — pentanone 2-heptanone 903 99 122 106 111 113 206 161 83 57 71 7 heptanal 910 — — — — — — — — — — 138 2-hydroxy-3- 913 138 78 323 234 127 65 432 135 — 10 — hexanone 6-methyl-2- 967 594 722 9465 15413 1397 4781 7347 — — 3512 — heptanone 1,3-cyclo- 973 26 24 — — — — — — — — — pentanedione 5-methyl- 979 31 34 555 684 91 205 572 399 248 247 — 2-heptanol methylheptanone 984 — — — 149 11 234 — 2995 4909 110 19 octenol 988 — — — — — — — — — 5 40 6-methyl-5- 997 — — 114 104 — — — 30 25 20 23 hepten-2-one 2-heptenal 1036 — — — — — — — — — 15 24 2-nonenal 1113 — — — — — — — 70 25 7 81 2-odenal 1069 — — — — — — — — — — 25 1-octanol 1078 — — — — — — — — — — 25 nonanal 1116 37 — 56 — — — 48 — — — — decanal 1217 28 — — — — — — — — 6 — 2-undecanone 1298 — — — — — — — — — 4 — butanoic acid 1380 — — — — — — — — — — 3 butyl ester dodecanal 1417 — — — — — — — — — — 3 unsaturated 1459 — — — 9 — — — — — — 8 ketone 1-tetradecanol 1480 — — — — — — — — — 11 1-hexadecanol 1581 — — — — — — — — — 7 Pyrroles/Benropyrroles pyrrole 765 — — — — 102 238 — 199 — 0 — 2-meth-1H-pyrrole 830 — — — — — 12 — — — — — tetrahydro-6- 879 — — — — — — — — — 8 — methyl-2H- pyran-2-one 2,4-dimethyl- 1055 — — — — — — — — — 22 — 3-ethyl-1H- pyrrole indole 1313 — — — — — — — — — 5 — Phenyls phenol 727 — — — 11 — — — — — — — benzaldehyde 983 223 126 152 60 175 — 106 — — 17 267 methylethylbenzene 1025 — — — — — — — — — — 20 benzenaceatal- 1059 — — — — — — — — — — 38 dehyde 2-methylphenol 1065 — — — — — — — — — — 5 methyl- 1088 — — — — — — — — — — 6 chlorophenol acetophenenone 1080 — — — — — — — — — 6 — 2-methylthiophenol 1157 — — — — — 45 — 226 — — — ethoxybenzal- 1244 — — 228 10 — — — — — — — dehyde Pyridines methylpyridine 833 — — — — — 96 — 82 — 5 — 2-methylpyridamine 848 52 — — — — — — — — — — 6-methyl-4-(1H)- 937 — — 253 252 46 — 339 190 84 — — pyrimidinone Terpenes 3,6,6-trimethyl- 934 — — — — — — — — — — 8 bicyclo- (3.1.1.)hept-2-ene 1,5-dimethyl- 1034 — — — — — — — — — — 22 1-5-cyclo- octadiene limonene 1037 — — — — — 41 — — — 15 — cymene 1031 — — — — — — — — — — 10 eucalyptol 1039 — — — — — — — — — — 13 verbenene 1063 — — — — — — — — — — 4 3-7-dimethyl- 1105 — — — — — — — — — — 19 1,6-octadien-3-Ol borneol 1184 — — — — — — — — — — 2 terpin-4-ol 1191 — — — — — — — — — — 15 trimethylbicyclo- 1236 — — — 38 — — — — — — 14 (2.2.1)- heptan-2-one bornyl acetate 1292 — — — — — — — — — 2 safrole 1305 — — — — — — — — — — 3 terpine 1339 — — — — — — — — — — 3 a sesquiterpene 1383 — — — — — — — — — — 5 a sesquiterpene 1435 — — — 5 — — — — 16 12 2 a sesquiterpene 1494 20 — — 36 — 27 24 15 — 14 14 (cadinene?) a sesquiterpene 1499 — — — — — 17 50 — — 9 2 Oxazoles 4,5- 771 — — — 105 — — — — — — — dimethyloxazole trimethyloxazole 865 649 540 580 321 174 122 — 68 161 29 — 2,5-dimethyl-4- 932 256 — — — — — — — 48 — — ethyloxazole 4,4-dimethyl- 946 10 — — — — — — — — — — 2-ethyloxazole 4,5-dimethyl- 986 237 158 — 147 — 68 160 22 47 — — 2-iso- propyloxazole 4,5-dimethyl-2- 1014 — — — — — 1463 — 369 65 — propyloxazole 2,4-dimethyl-5- 1020 697 — 1448 — — — 1555 — 513 — — propyloxazole 4-methyl-5-ethyl-2- 1044 — — — 20 — — 48 — — — — isopropyloxazole Aliphatic sulfides dimethyldi- 754 295 389 280 — 311 — — — — — 81 sulfide dimethyltri- 987 — — 402 — 92 — — — 62 — 87 sulfide 2-pentanethiol 841 — — — 2403 — — 102 — — — — 1(elhylthio)- 921 — — — 51 — — — — — — — 2-propanone 2,2-dithio- 1280 — — — 16 — — — — — — — bis-ethanol Cyclic polysulfides 3,5-dimethyl-1,2,4- 1280 — — — — 21 91 — 36 — — — trithiolane Dioxanes 4-methyl-1, 737 321 46 256 — — — 142 — — — — 3-dioxane TOTAL 18678 29633 28779 33228 16478 32517 25890 17369 11936 12195 2982

[0072] The pyrazines, thiazoles and thiophenes content was very much affected by the reaction conditions. The highest levels of pyrazines were found at pH9, as expected, since the formation of N-heterocyclic compounds in the Maillard reaction is favoured by high pH. With a few exceptions, sulphur compounds were formed only in the presence of cysteine, confirming that the content of sulphur amino acids in the freeze dried centrate was very low.

[0073] The yeast autolysate aroma volatiles were dominated by terpenes and its composition was very different from the volatiles obtained from the centrate.

[0074] Conclusion

[0075] The range of flavours was generated from the centrate, showing its potential as a flavouring ingredient or as a source of precursors for reaction product flavourings. The variables that were applied in this study were the centrate concentration, the pH, the presence of added cysteine, and the temperature/duration of the heating conditions. An addition of cysteine was necessary to generate meaty aromas which derive from sulphur-containing volatiles. 

1 A flavouring material for food which is an aqueous solution which comprises materials removed from a filamentous fungus by contacting it with water at an elevated temperature sufficient to reduce the nucleic acid content of the filamentous fungus in which the concentration of dissolved solids is sufficiently high to render the solution stable to storage at a temperature of 20° C. for a period of one month or is a solid comprising materials so removed from the filamentous fungus or is a flavouring material comprising a reaction product of such materials with a sulphur containing amino acid, hydrogen sulphide or ammonium sulphide. 2 A flavouring material according to claim 1 which is an aqueous solution comprising at least 30% by weight of solids. 3 A flavouring material according to claim 1 or 2 which comprises a reaction product of such materials with cysteine. 4 A process of producing a flavouring material for food which comprises the step of improving the suitability of filamentous fungus for food by subjecting it in the presence of water to a temperature sufficient to reduce its nucleic acid content thereby producing an aqueous solution and concentrating the aqueous solution. 5 A process as claimed in claim 4 in which water is removed from the aqueous solution by evaporation, distillation, reverse osmosis, freeze drying, or freezing out the water as ice leaving an aqueous concentrate. 6 A process as claimed in claim 4 or 5 in which the soluble components are concentrated by removing water at reduced pressure and at a temperature of 40 to 70° C. 7 A process of producing a flavouring material for food according to any one of claims 4 to 6 in which nucleic acid is removed from a filamentous fungus in its growing state. 8 A process as claimed in claim 7 in which the filamentous fungus in its growing state is washed to remove growth medium and immediately thereafter heated in the presence of water to remove nucleic acid. 9 A process as claimed in any of claims 4 to 8 in which materials recovered from the filamentous fungus are reacted with a sulphur containing amino acid, hydrogen sulphide or ammonium sulphide thereby producing savoury flavours. 10 A process as claimed in claim 9 in which the sulphur containing amino acid is cysteine. 11 A process as claimed in claim 9 or10 in which the reaction is carried out in the presence of water. 12 A process as claimed in claim 11 in which a solution of 1.5 to 75% of the materials removed from the fungus in water is reacted with cysteine in amounts up to 10% of cysteine by weight based on the said materials at a pH of 5.5 to
 9. 13 A process as claimed in claim 12 in which the temperature of the reaction is 110 to 140° C. 14 A food which comprises 0.1 to 15% by weight based on the solids content of a flavouring material as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3 or which is produced by a process as claimed in any one of claims 4 to
 13. 15 A food according to claim 14 which is a snack, biscuits, stock, soup, stew, sauce, gravy or a drink. 16 A process of flavouring food which comprises the step of improving the suitability of a filamentous fungus as food by subjecting it in the presence of water to a temperature sufficient to reduce its nucleic acid contents substantially and flavouring food with materials removed from the fungus in the said step directly or after chemical reaction. 